Thursday, January 3, 2019

Final Assignment of "Giving and Asking Direction"


Let's do it!
1. Set up groups consisting of two students each
2. Find two situations around and construct a dialogue conversation about asking and giving suggestions and offer a help. Then, practice it in front of the class!
3. Submit your assignment by attaching it in the comment form under this instruction by mentioning the group number and names!

Wednesday, April 15, 2015

Contoh Soal Present Tense dan Past tense


Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses!
Ahmad and Fajar are close friends and classmates. They (sit) …………. next to each other in class every day, so they (help, often) ………… each other in studying English. Right now, they (be) …….. in the classroom. They (have) ……..grammar class. Fajar (help) ……… Ahmad with an exercise on present tense because Fajar (get) …….. some difficulties in understanding this tense. Yesterday they also (work) ………. together in writing class. They (be) ………… in the same group. They (discuss) ……… about compound sentences in group. At 10:30 they (present) ……… the result of the discussion in front of the class. They (be) ……. successful in that presentation. Ahmad (present) ………. in speaking class three days later. He (talk) ……. about ‘cheating habit’. As usual Fajar (help) ……….. Ahmad prepare for the speaking presentation. Ahmad hopes that his next presentation (be) …… successful, especially with the help of his best friend, Fajar. Ahmad and Fajar are best friends forever. 

   1.     Everyone really enjoy this English class because the teacher presents the material attractively.
   2.     We didn’t spent our holiday in Bali, but we went to Lombok. We enjoyed three days there.
   3.     He used to swam in the river when he was child. He doesn’t do it anymore because he lives in a big city now.
   4.     When someone knock the door last night, I was reading my grammar book in the living room.
   5.     Is Nadin and Sarah going to continue their study at university? They will graduate from senior high school this year, right?
   6.     When I visitted my friend yesterday, she ignored me and didn’t speak any single word. I don’t know why.
   7.     I was alone in my bedroom when I hear the strange noise last night.
   8.     Tantri usually wake up early in the morning and tidies up his bedroom, but today she woke up late.
   9.     John doesn’t works on weekend. He likes to spend his free time at home.
   10.  Are you with your mother going to Toni’s birthday party last night?

Saturday, March 21, 2015

Improving the reading comprehension competency of the eleventh gade students of MAN Tambakberas Jombang through Jigsaw Strategy

By Endah Ismiati



English language is a mandatory course for senior high school student. It is also one of the test subjects for state-owned higher learning selection examination. To pass the final school test, therefore a student has to master English well. Likewise, if he/she wants to succeed the nationally sanctioned state higher learning selection test, a good command of English is a necessary requirement.  English language mastery requires that a student has to become proficient at reading comprehension skill.  Reading comprehension is most important aspect of language skill acquisition. To measure whether a student proficient or not in English command, reading comprehension skills is the common denominator student’s academic performance. Of the four language skills acquisition, reading comprehension is the most common criteria to evaluate student’s English language mastery. Reading skills therefore, is put at English language teaching top priority.
According to Urquhart and Weir (1998), reading comprehension is the process by which readers use their cognitive abilities to help them understand a written text. These cognitive abilities in reading are composed of two skills, language comprehension and language decoding. A reader needs to use these cognitive abilities to comprehend the meaning of a text and the intent of its author since different reading materials convey different kinds of information. To better reading comprehension skills, readers must possess the background knowledge that is relevant to what they are reading as the reading process involves the prior knowledge that the readers possess, the strategies they use, and the attitude toward reading they have. Additionally, language decoding involve a step in which a reader pronounces the written words correctly and quickly. This step is an important cognitive element for reading comprehension, one that leads the readers to recognize and process a written text. When readers encounter words that are frequently used, they become familiar with them, and word decoding is developed during this process. The ability to decode a written text also involves guessing unfamiliar words from their context (Hirsch, 2003; Wren, 2001).
Comprehension is an ability to get the meaning of something that cannot be observed or measured directly (Rubin, 1993). Comprehension involves thinking, and as there are various levels in the hierarchy of thinking, so are there various levels of comprehension. Higher levels of comprehension would obviously include higher levels of thinking. Smith (1969) explained that comprehension skills involve literal comprehension, interpretation, critical reading, and creative reading. Barrett (1993) has tried to categorize reading comprehension into taxonomy. Barrett’s taxonomy consists of four levels: literal comprehension, inferential comprehension, evaluation, and appreciation.
Hood and Soloman, 1985 states that reading for main idea is a skill that requires carefully reading a text to identify the main point without worrying about unnecessary details . The main idea is the statement made about the topic which is supported by details. Therefore, the main idea is directly related to both the topic and the details in the paragraph. The main idea of a paragraph is the central thought of the paragraph and what the paragraph is about. Without a main idea, the paragraph would just be a confusion of sentences. All the sentences in the paragraph should develop the main idea. To find the main idea of a paragraph, a reader must find what common element the sentences share. Some textbook writers place the main idea at the beginning of a paragraph and may actually put the topic of the paragraph in bold print in order to emphasize it, but in literature this is not a common practice.
Reading for details is a skill that a reader has to get all information of the text thoroughly (Hood and Soloman, 1985). Readers need to be more careful and slower assuring that they have correctly understood the massage. While reading a selection, the first thing students need to do is to find its main idea. The next important thing is to be able to note and recall details. In order to find details that support the main idea, the reader should be able to identify which ideas are more important than the others. The more important details are called “major details”, and we call the supporting details “minor details.”
Cooperative learning is one strategy for group instruction which is under the learner-centered  approach. Many educators give the definitions of cooperative learning:
“Cooperative learning is an instructional program in which students work in small groups to help one another master academic content.” (Slavin, 1995)
“Cooperative learning involves students working together in pairs or groups, and they share information .They are a team whose players must work together in order to achieve goals successfully.” (Brown, 1994)
In addition, Kessler (1992) proposes the definition of cooperative learning particularly in language learning context:
“Cooperative learning is a within-class grouping of students usually of differing levels of second language proficiency, who learn to work together on specific tasks or projects in such a way that all students in the group benefit from the interactive experience.”
According to Johnson (2005), cooperation is not assigning a job to a group of students where one student does all the work and the others put their names on the paper. It is not having students sit side by side at the same table to talk with each other as they do their individual assignments as well. It is not having students do a task individually with instructions that the ones who finish first are to help the slower students. On the contrary, cooperative learning is a teaching strategy in which small teams, each with students of different levels of ability, use a variety of learning activities to improve their under-standing of a subject. Each member of a team is responsible not only for learning what is being taught but also for helping teammates learn, thus creating an atmosphere of achievement. Students work through the assignment until all group members successfully understand and complete it.
The first requirement for an effectively structured cooperative learning environment is that students believe they “sink” or swim together (Johnson, Johnson & Stanne, 2000) That is, cooperation occurs only when students perceive that the success of one depends on the success of the other. Whatever task students are given to perform, each group member must feel that his or her contribution is necessary for the group’s success. Students have to learn to work together in order to accomplish tasks. This is why learning task must be designed in a way that makes them believe, “they sink or swim together.” Through the assigned material, students learn to achieve the goal. Therefore, a number of ways of structuring positive interdependence are carried out such as reward, resources, or task responsibilities to supplement goal interdependence. The second element of cooperative learning requires face-to-face interaction among students within which they promote each other learning and success. Johnson (2005) suggests that it is necessary to maximize the opportunities for them to help, support, encourage, and praise each other. Such encouraging interaction helps to promote the following: a). orally explaining how to solve problems; b). Teaching one’s knowledge to other; c). Checking for understanding; d). Discussing concepts being learned; e). Connecting present with past learning.
The third element is individual accountability. It exists when the performance of each individual student is assessed, and the results are given back to the groups. Therefore, the group knows who needs more assistance, support, and encouragement in completing the job. Johnson & Johnson (1991) suggest some common ways to structure individual accountability. These include giving an individual test to each student, randomly selecting one student to represent the entire group, or having students teach what they have learned to someone else.
Jigsaw technique refers to an activity that allows a small group of students to work together in order to maximize their own and each other learning. The process of activity includes five major steps which are reading, expert-group discussion, team report test, and team recognition (Slavin, 1995). The key to jigsaw is interdependence: every student depends on his or her teammates to provide the information needed to do well on the assessments. In Jigsaw technique, students work in small teams, composed of four or five students who represent a cross-section of the class in terms of academic performance, sex, and race or ethnicity. The team should also have a high performer, a low performer, and two average performers. The students are assigned chapters or other units to read, and are given “expert sheets” that contain different topics for each team member to focus on when reading. When everyone has finished reading, students from different teams with the same topic meet in an “expert group” to discuss their topic for about thirty minutes. The experts then return to their teams and take turns teaching their teammates about their topic. Finally, students take assessments that cover all the topics, and the quiz scores become team scores. Also the scores that students contribute to their teams are based on the individual improvement score system, so students are motivated to study the material well and to work hard in their expert groups so that they can help their team do well.

 






Developing Language Games for Teaching Speaking at Eighth Grade MTs An-Nur Bululawang Malang

By Heru Yulianto



According to the curriculum 2006 Competence Standard for speaking skill, junior high school students are expected to be able to express meaningful ideas for both simple transactional (to get something done or get the information) and interpersonal (to get in touch with others for social purposes) to interact with their environment (Depdiknas: 2006).
In consideration of the situation above, it is needed to develop language games for teaching speaking that offer activities in which the students can actively be involved during an enjoyable and interesting teaching and learning process. It is in order to make the students able to speak in a short and simple conversation. Alcantara (1990, p. 33) say that games are activities that can provide intensive language practice because they remove the inhibition that the students usually have formed in a language lesson. Besides, language games can give more chances for students to practice their speaking ability.
The games help and encourage many learners to sustain their interest and work. Games also help the teacher to create contexts in which the language is useful and meaningful. The learners want to take part and in order to do so they must understand what others are saying, and speak in order to express their own points of view or give information. As a result, to provide input to the answer of the difficulty, a research on developing language games for teaching speaking the second year students of MTs An-Nur Bululawang Malang will be conducted. The researcher has  the certainty that This research is based on language games can provide a positive result on the students’ interest and inspiration in studying English as well as to progress their speaking skill because it provides exposures for students to communicate their opinion, ideas and feelings.
This study is intended to give the theoretical and practical contributions for the English teaching and learning process especially in spoken English. Theoretically is hoped to help the teacher in developing knowledge and method in teaching speaking. Practically is for contributing teaching English in the school. For the institution, the study is intended to develop the teaching and learning process, especially in improving students’ skill in speaking. And for researchers, the study can become more information and references in developing English games for teaching.
As stated in the 2006 standard curriculum content (Depdiknas, 2006), the eighth grade student’s standard of speaking competence is presented below:

Topic
Activities
Competence
Asking, giving and declining service
·   Reviewing vocabularies and expressions related to the topic
·   Questioning and answering
·   Role-playing in front of the class
·   Using the learned expression in the real life situation
To express ideas in oral simple transactional conversations accurately and fluently which involve asking for, giving, and refusing service/ goods; admitting and denying facts; asking for and giving opinions; inviting; accepting and refusing invitations; and agreeing/ disagreeing
Asking, giving and declining things
Admitting and declining fact
Asking and giving opinion
Accepting and declining invitation
Agree and disagree
Compliment
·   Reviewing the previously learned vocabularies
·   Introducing new vocabularies to be learned
·   Questioning and answering using the learned expression
·   Imitating the conversation practiced by the teacher
·   Performing the provided conversation
To express ideas in oral simple interpersonal conversations accurately and fluently which involve admiring and congratulating
Congratulation
Invitation text
·   Questioning and answering about the content of the functional text in the form of invitation
·   Creating simple sentence related to the invitation:
·   Practice inviting people orally,  
    either in pair or in  group.
To express ideas in oral short simple functional texts accurately and fluently
Massage
Announcement
Descriptive text
Recount text

Harmer (1990:, p. 94) states that games are vital part of a teacher’s equipment, not only for a language practice but also for the therapeutic effect they have. They can be used at any stage of a class to provide an amusing and challenging respite for another classroom activity, and more especially useful at the end of a long day to send the students away teaching cheerful about their English class.
There are various types of picture games in which the use of pictures plays a major part. Wright (2004, p. 6) defines that picture games involve the learners in the relatively free use of all languages at their command. Broadly, they involve comparing and constructing picture, describing key features so that someone else may identify them or represent them in similar way. Specifically, pictures contribute to: (1) interest and motivation, (2) a sense of the context of the language and (3) a specific reference point or stimulus.
To get the effective selection of games, Mei and Yu-Jing  (2002, p. 46) proposed a set of criteria, like: (1) a game must be more than just fun, (2) a game should involve “friendly” competition, (3) a game should keep all students involved and interested, (4) a game should encourage students to focus on the use of language rather than on the language itself, (5) a game should give students a chance to learn, practice, or review specific language material.
In line with the statement above, Kim (1995, p. 35) states that there are  many advantages of using games in the classroom, namely (1) games are a welcome break from the usual routine of the language class, (2) they are motivating and challenging, (3) learning a language requires a great deal of effort. Games help students to make and sustain the effort of learning, (4) games provide language practice in the various skill-speaking, writing, speaking, and reading, (5) they encourage students to interact and communicate, (6) they create a meaningful context for language use.
In short, learning language through games is an effective and interesting way that can be applied in any classroom. Games allow students to work cooperatively, compete with each other, strategist, think in different way, compare and share knowledge, learn from others, learn from mistakes, work in less stressful and more productive environment and allow people to have fun. Language games do not only provide supportive activities and practice that can motivate students to interact and communicate, but also they can create opportunity for students to acquire the language in a meaningful way.